Who contributed to building the Equal Rights Amendment?
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Alice Paul
Alice Stokes Paul (January 11, 1885 – July 9, 1977) was an American suffragist, feminist, and women's right's activist. As one of the main leaders and strategists of the campaign, along with Lucy Burns and others, she led a successful campaign for women's suffrage that resulted in the passage of the 19th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution in 1920, which prohibits gender discrimination from voting.
Alice Stokes Paul (January 11, 1885 – July 9, 1977) was an American suffragist, feminist, and women's right's activist. As one of the main leaders and strategists of the campaign, along with Lucy Burns and others, she led a successful campaign for women's suffrage that resulted in the passage of the 19th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution in 1920, which prohibits gender discrimination from voting.
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Lucy Burns
Lucy Burns (July 28, 1879 – December 22, 1966) was an American suffragist and women's rights advocate. She was a passionate activist in the United States and in the United Kingdom. Burns was a close friend of Alice Paul, and together they ultimately formed the National Woman's Party.
Lucy Burns (July 28, 1879 – December 22, 1966) was an American suffragist and women's rights advocate. She was a passionate activist in the United States and in the United Kingdom. Burns was a close friend of Alice Paul, and together they ultimately formed the National Woman's Party.
National Woman's Party
The National Woman's Party (NWP) was a woman's organization founded by Alice Paul and Lucy Burns in 1913 that fought for women's rights during the early 20th century in the United States, particularly for the right to vote. The NWP put it's priority on the passage of a constitutional amendment ensuring women's suffrage. After the 19th Amendment gave women the right to vote in 1920, the NWP turned it's attention to the passage of the Equal Right Amendment (ERA) to the Constitution.
Who supported the Equal Rights Amendment?
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Martha Griffiths
Martha Griffiths was a member of the United States House of Representatives from 1955-1974. She was the first woman to serve on the House Committee on Ways and Means and was instrumental in getting the prohibition of sex discrimination added to the landmark Civil Rights Act of 1964. Griffiths is also known for resurrecting the Equal Rights Amendment (ERA). The ERA was a proposed amendment to the U.S. Constitution that guaranteed equal rights under the law for Americans regardless of their sex. The ERA was first drafted in 1923 by suffragist Alice Paul. Following the enactment of the Nineteenth Amendment granting women the right to vote, Paul believed the ERA to be the next step in guaranteeing equal justice to all citizens.From 1923 to 1970, some form of the ERA was introduced in every session of Congress. But, nearly every time that the ERA was introduced, it was held up in committee. In 1970, Griffiths filed a discharge petition to demand that the ERA be heard by the full House. A discharge petition, which requires the signatures of a majority of House members, forces proposed legislation out of committee so that it may be considered by the whole House of Representatives. Following the success of Griffiths's discharge petition, the ERA was passed by the House. However, the Senate attempted to add provisions exempting women from the draft, which effectively killed the chances of the ERA passing that session.
After some changes to the wording of the amendment, Griffiths re-introduced the ERA in the 92nd Congress as HJ Res. 208. After months of debate, hearings and House Judiciary Committee proposed changes, the ERA, as introduced by Griffiths, was approved by the House on October 12, 1971. The Senate approved an identical version on March 22, 1972, sending the ERA to the states with a seven-year deadline for ratification. In 1978, with the seven-year deadline fast approaching, and the ERA lacking the required number of state ratifications, Congress extended the time limit to June 30, 1982. However, by the time the extended deadline arrived, the ERA had only been ratified by 35 states - three states short of the three-fourths required for ratification of constitutional amendments.
Martha Griffiths was a member of the United States House of Representatives from 1955-1974. She was the first woman to serve on the House Committee on Ways and Means and was instrumental in getting the prohibition of sex discrimination added to the landmark Civil Rights Act of 1964. Griffiths is also known for resurrecting the Equal Rights Amendment (ERA). The ERA was a proposed amendment to the U.S. Constitution that guaranteed equal rights under the law for Americans regardless of their sex. The ERA was first drafted in 1923 by suffragist Alice Paul. Following the enactment of the Nineteenth Amendment granting women the right to vote, Paul believed the ERA to be the next step in guaranteeing equal justice to all citizens.From 1923 to 1970, some form of the ERA was introduced in every session of Congress. But, nearly every time that the ERA was introduced, it was held up in committee. In 1970, Griffiths filed a discharge petition to demand that the ERA be heard by the full House. A discharge petition, which requires the signatures of a majority of House members, forces proposed legislation out of committee so that it may be considered by the whole House of Representatives. Following the success of Griffiths's discharge petition, the ERA was passed by the House. However, the Senate attempted to add provisions exempting women from the draft, which effectively killed the chances of the ERA passing that session.
After some changes to the wording of the amendment, Griffiths re-introduced the ERA in the 92nd Congress as HJ Res. 208. After months of debate, hearings and House Judiciary Committee proposed changes, the ERA, as introduced by Griffiths, was approved by the House on October 12, 1971. The Senate approved an identical version on March 22, 1972, sending the ERA to the states with a seven-year deadline for ratification. In 1978, with the seven-year deadline fast approaching, and the ERA lacking the required number of state ratifications, Congress extended the time limit to June 30, 1982. However, by the time the extended deadline arrived, the ERA had only been ratified by 35 states - three states short of the three-fourths required for ratification of constitutional amendments.
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Betty Ford
Feminists in the United States fought for ratification of the Equal Right Amendment throughout the 1970s. First Lady Betty Ford supported the ERA during the middle of the decade. Betty Ford, wife of President Gerald Ford, was a popular figure during the Fords' time in the White House, which lasted from Richard Nixon's 1974 resignation to Jimmy Carter's 1977 inauguration. Betty Ford supported the ERA by speaking out about women’s issues, lobbying and making public appearances.
Feminists in the United States fought for ratification of the Equal Right Amendment throughout the 1970s. First Lady Betty Ford supported the ERA during the middle of the decade. Betty Ford, wife of President Gerald Ford, was a popular figure during the Fords' time in the White House, which lasted from Richard Nixon's 1974 resignation to Jimmy Carter's 1977 inauguration. Betty Ford supported the ERA by speaking out about women’s issues, lobbying and making public appearances.